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Container design and types
Over 50 percent of the containers available internationally belong to shipping companies. Alongside these are a large number of leasing companies, which lease their containers both to shipowners and to direct customers. Containers belonging to forwarders tend to carry dry and liquid bulk goods, for which bulk and tank containers are mostly used. Specific details about the appearance of the containers, their external and internal dimensions, their weights and volumes, temperature control, cargo securing equipment and other special features may in general be found in the brochures published by the respective companies. Of necessity, the following can only deal with a few types of container.
According to DIN ISO 4346 of January 1996, a distinction may be drawn between the following types:
Further distinctions are drawn within these groups depending on design and principal characteristics. Information relating to the respective code, the group and type code, is to be found in Section 3.4 "Size and type codes".
Over the years, expressions have become established which do not always correspond to the standards or which are used in addition to the standard expressions. Some of these need to be explained.
The term standard container was used for the first containers in their basic form. As these were closed and were primarily suitable for the loading of general cargo, they were/are also known as general purpose containers, dry cargo containers or box containers. The initial height of 8' has already very nearly been consigned to history. Most box containers have an external height of 8' 6". Unventilated general purpose containers have openings on either one or both end(s).
Unventilated general purpose containers of sheet steel
The two steel containers of virtually identical construction can be designated standard containers. Both containers have an external height of 8'6" and no gooseneck tunnel. This is stated in coding 2210 on the one hand and 22G1 on the other. Both containers have forklift pockets and straddle carrier recesses.
Vents in a container
Containers equipped with such vents also count as unventilated general purpose containers, although they have small vents in the upper part of the cargo space.
20' plywood container with vents in the top side rail
This container too falls into the category of "unventilated general purpose container" although individual vents are provided all the way along the upper part of the cargo space.
Containers with end doors and side doors occupying the entire length
Another subgroup of unventilated general purpose containers specified in DIN EN ISO 4346, January 1996, has "openings at one or both end(s) plus full openings on one or both sides".
Container with end wall doors and partial openings at the side
Another subgroup consists of container with "openings at one or both end(s) plus partial openings on one or both sides".
The expression high-cube container originally covered all containers higher than 8' 6". The expression is now used in practice almost only ever for containers which have an external height of 9' 6". Particular attention needs to be given to possible height restrictions when these containers are carried by for road and rail. It may be necessary to use special chassis or carrying cars.
Comparison of a high-cube container (9' 6") with an 8' 6" container
The yellow and black marking on the top edges of the high-cube container serves as a warning about its height. More details about operational markings are given in Section 3.5.
40' Container: left 8'6" high, right 9'6" high (high-cube)
40'-Containers have a larger volume-to-payload ratio than 20' containers, i.e. they are suitable for goods with a higher cargo stowage factor.
Open-sided containers (OS) have solid end walls and a solid roof panel. The sides may be closed at the bottom by folding down wooden, aluminum profile or steel sheet side walls, which may be divided into sections. Roof bow holders and roof bows are provided for the upper part, which may be covered with tarpaulins. The container is packed from the side. Open-sided containers also exist which are open only on one side. If bars are positioned over one open side, the containers can be used for transporting livestock. Another variant is the "folding side wall" container, a type of inland container.
Open-sided container, here in the form of a "tilt" container with end wall door
As is clear from the pictures, open-sided containers are also available with doors at the rear of the container.
The statement found in many brochures to the effect that "lateral load securing consists of planks, which are suspended between the removable central support and the corner posts" is not to be trusted. It is essential to check what forces these structures can absorb.
Open-top open-sided containers (OTOS) combine the features of open-sided and open-top containers, i.e. the roofs and sides are open and need to be covered with tarpaulins.
Since it is American transport that gave rise to the 8' wide standard overseas container, these containers are not suitable for the interchangeable pool pallets used in Europe, which have dimensions of 800 mm x 1,200 mm. To counter this problem, pallet-compatible containers 2.50 m in width have been constructed, which must not, however, be confused with the pre-existing inland containers 2.50 m in width.
Pallet-compatible 40' containers
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20' x 8' 6" container with side doors |
2.50 m wide 20' inland containers provided by DB (German Railroads)
20' x 8'6" container with two end wall doors
General purpose container - special design with side doors
10' wide general purpose container
General purpose containers with special features are intended to make it possible to transport particular cargoes which could not otherwise be safely transported without damage. Containers for hanging garments belong to this group: they are equipped with clothes rails which are attached to special supporting bars. Textiles, hanging on coat-hangers, can be carried in these containers.
Passively ventilated containers, also known as ventilated containers, hardly differ from standard containers in external appearance. They are used for the most part to transport organic cargoes with high moisture contents, such as coffee and cocoa beans. Special equipment is intended to ensure that, as far as possible, sweat is prevented from forming. In general parlance, the containers are also named after the type of cargo carried in them, hence the widespread use of the expression coffee container. There are two basic variants:
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Containers with natural ventilation use pressure differences between the internal and external air for air exchange purposes. Warm air rises in the container and exits at the top through the roof ventilation strips. Cooler external air then enters through the floor ventilation strips.
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Forced ventilation containers use fans and air ducts and/or ventilation flaps to achieve the necessary air exchange.
Container vent slots or air openings are often constructed as a labyrinth to prevent the penetration of spray or precipitation. Often, there are openings in the bottom and top side rails, which form regular air ducts. Sometimes, only relatively small, perforated areas are provided at regular intervals in the outer skin.
DIN EN ISO 6346, January 1996, lists ventilated general purpose containers under Code V, allocating to them either group code VH or type codes such V0, V2 or V4. A distinction is drawn between:
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Containers with non-mechanical ventilation at the lower and upper parts of the cargo space
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Containers with mechanical ventilation installed in the container and
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Containers with mechanical ventilation located outside the container.
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General purpose containers with non-mechanical ventilation |
Non-mechanical ventilation at the upper and lower parts of the container
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General purpose containers with mechanical ventilation installed in the container
There are plenty of other designs of general purpose container, in addition to those described above. A more unusual example is the container illustrated below.
General purpose container with flaps on the end and side walls
Dry bulk containers or bulk containers may be used to transport loose, free-flowing goods. DIN EN ISO 6346 of January 1996 distinguishes, under Code B, between the group codes BU and BK as well as various type codes for non-pressure-resistant dry bulk containers which are closed or air-tight and dry bulk containers with horizontal or tipping discharge pressure-resistant at test pressures respectively of 150 kPa and 265 kPa.
 
Loading hatches and discharge outlets in different bulk containers
Externally, normal bulk containers are of identical construction to standard containers except for the loading hatches and discharge outlets. The loading hatches or domes are arranged in the roof.
To gain access to these, some containers are provided with swivelable ladders. To prevent contact between the cargo and the container walls, "inlets" or liner bags may be introduced into the containers and fixed in place. The unloading hatches are normally at one of the ends, generally incorporated into the doors. Sometimes, short hoses are also incorporated, so as to be able to direct the cargo as it is unloaded. Less frequently, the discharge outlets are arranged at the side. In all the above cases, unpacking is achieved by the force of gravity, generally assisted by tipping the containers.
Chassis with tipping equipment for emptying bulk containers |
Some special dry bulk containers resemble tank containers. In addition to emptying by gravity, some containers are available which may be emptied by means of compressed air.
Bulk container with compressed air-assisted emptying
Resource: containerhandbuch.de
Container Carrying Vessels
نویسنده: امیر علیان